The Conquest of the Aztec Empire

From 1518-1521, Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes and his army brought down the mighty Aztec Empire, the greatest the New World had ever seen. He did it through a combination of luck, courage, political savvy and advanced tactics and weapons. By bringing the Aztec Empire under the rule of Spain, he set events in motion which would result in the modern-day nation of Mexico. The Aztec Empire in 1519 In 1519, when the Spanish first made official contact with the Empire, the Aztecs ruled most of present-day Mexico either directly or indirectly. About one hundred years before, three powerful city-states in central Mexico — Tenochtitlan, Tlacopan and Tacuba — united to form the Triple Alliance, which soon rose to pre-eminence. All three cultures were located on the shores and islands of Lake Texcoco. Through alliances, wars, intimidation, and trade, the Aztecs came to dominate most of the other Mesoamerican city-states by 1519 and collected tribute from them. The pre-eminent partner in the Triple Alliance was the Mexica city of Tenochtitlan. The Mexica were led by a Tlatoani, a position roughly similar to Emperor. In 1519, the tlatoani of the Mexica was Motecuzoma Xocoyotzà ­n, better known to history as Montezuma. The Arrival of Cortes Since 1492, when Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, the Spanish had fairly thoroughly explored the Caribbean by 1518. They became aware of a large landmass to the west, and some expeditions had visited the shores of the Gulf Coast, but no lasting settlement had been made. In 1518, Governor Diego Velazquez of Cuba sponsored an expedition of exploration and settlement and entrusted it to Hernan Cortes. Cortes set sail with several ships and about 600 men, and after a visit to the Maya area of the southern Gulf Coast (it was here that he picked up his future interpreter/mistress Malinche), Cortes reached the area of present-day Veracruz in early 1519. Cortes landed, founded a small settlement and made mostly peaceful contact with leaders of local tribes. These tribes were bound to the Aztecs by ties of trade and tribute but resented their inland masters and tentatively agreed with Cortes to switch allegiances. Cortes Marches Inland The first emissaries from the Aztecs arrived, bearing gifts and seeking information about these interlopers. The rich gifts, meant to buy off the Spanish and make them go away, had the opposite effect: they wanted to see the riches of the Aztecs for themselves. The Spanish made their way inland, ignoring pleas and threats from Montezuma to go away.  Ã‚   When they reached the lands of the Tlaxcalans in August of 1519, Cortes decided to make contact with them. The warlike Tlaxcalans had been enemies of the Aztecs for generations and had held out against their warlike neighbors. After two weeks of fighting, the Spanish gained the respect of the Tlaxcalans and in September they were invited to talk. Soon, an alliance was forged between the Spanish and the Tlaxcalans. Time and again, the Tlaxcalan warriors and porters which accompanied Cortes expedition would prove their value. The Cholula Massacre In October, Cortes and his men and allies passed through the city of Cholula, home of the cult to the god Quetzalcoatl. Cholula was not exactly a vassal of the Aztecs, but the Triple Alliance had much influence there. After spending a couple of weeks there, Cortes learned of a plot to ambush the Spanish when they left the city. Cortes summoned the leaders of the city to one of the squares and after berating them for treason, he ordered a massacre. His men and Tlaxcalan allies fell on the unarmed nobles, slaughtering thousands. This sent a powerful message to the rest of Mesoamerica not to trifle with the Spanish. Entry Into Tenochtitlan and Capture of Montezuma In November of 1519, the Spanish entered Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Mexica people and leader of the Aztec Triple Alliance. They were welcomed by Montezuma and put in a sumptuous palace. The deeply religious Montezuma had dithered and fretted about the arrival of these foreigners and did not oppose them. Within a couple of weeks, Montezuma had allowed himself to be taken hostage, a semi-willing guest of the intruders. The Spanish demanded all sorts of loot and food and while Montezuma did nothing, the people and warriors of the city began to get restless.   The Night of Sorrows In May of 1520, Cortes was forced to take most of his men and return to the coast to face a new threat: a large Spanish force, led by veteran conquistador Panfilo de Narvaez, sent by Governor Velazquez to rein him in. Although Cortes defeated Narvaez and added most of his men to his own army, things got out of hand in Tenochtitlan in his absence. On May 20, Pedro de Alvarado, who had been left in charge, ordered the massacre of unarmed nobles attending a religious festival, The enraged inhabitants of the city besieged the Spanish and even Montezumas intervention could not alleviate the tension. Cortes returned in late June and decided that the city could not be held. On the night of June 30, the Spanish tried to stealthily leave the city, but they were discovered and attacked. On what came to be known to the Spanish as the Night of Sorrows, hundreds of Spanish were killed. Cortes and most of his most important lieutenants survived, however, and they made their way back to friendly Tlaxcala to rest and regroup.   The Siege of Tenochtitlan While in Tlaxcala, the Spanish received reinforcements and supplies, rested, and prepared to take the city of Tenochtitlan. Cortes ordered the construction of thirteen brigantines, large boats which could sail or be rowed and which would tip the balance while assaulting the island.   Most importantly for the Spanish, an epidemic of smallpox broke out in Mesoamerica, slaying millions, including countless warriors and leaders of Tenochtitlan. This unspeakable tragedy was a great lucky break for Cortes, as his European soldiers were largely unaffected by this disease. The disease even struck down Cuitlà ¡huac, the warlike new leader of the Mexica. In early 1521, everything was ready. The brigantines were launched and Cortes and his men marched on Tenochtitlan. Every day, Cortes top lieutenants — Gonzalo de Sandoval, Pedro de Alvarado and Cristobal de Olid — and their men assaulted the causeways leading into the city while Cortes, leading the small navy of brigantines, bombarded the city, ferried men, supplies, and information around the lake, and scattered groups of Aztec war canoes. The relentless pressure proved effective, and the city was slowly worn down. Cortes sent enough of his men on raiding parties around the city to keep other city-states from coming to the relief of the Aztecs, and on August 13, 1521, when Emperor Cuauhtemoc was captured, resistance ended and the Spanish were able to take the smoldering city. Aftermath of the Conquest of the Aztec Empire Within two years, the Spanish invaders had taken down the most powerful city-state in Mesoamerica, and the implications were not lost on the remaining city-states in the region. There was sporadic fighting for decades to come, but in effect, the conquest was a done deal. Cortes earned a title and vast lands and stole most of the riches from his men by short-changing them when payments were made. Most of the conquistadors did receive large tracts of land, however. These were called encomiendas. In theory, the owner of an encomienda protected and educated the natives living there, but in reality, it was a thinly-veiled form of slavery. The cultures and people meshed, sometimes violently, sometimes peacefully, and by 1810 Mexico was enough of its own nation and culture that it broke with Spain and became independent. Sources Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963. Print.Levy, Buddy. Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. New York: Bantam, 2008.Thomas, Hugh. Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes and the Fall of Old Mexico. New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Segmentation Analysis Literature Review - 1250 Words

Segmentation Analysis Literature Review To match the needs of costumers, consumers and producers, not only in case of private people but of businesses or companies, target marketing is needed. To obtain the particular market firstly a marketer has to prepare a market research, after which he segments the market, and then targets a single segment or series of segments, and finally positions within the segment(s). From these processes, I have chosen Segmentation Analysis as the topic of this essay, because it is a crucial element in the â€Å"formula† of marketing. In marketing plans mass media strategies are very popular, but it is dangerous to rely on them entirely. In addition, Swenson (1990) says, â€Å"Such strategies are no longer as†¦show more content†¦Segmentation variables for consumer market are the following: †¢ Geographic Region, country/county size, city size, density, climate †¢ Demographic Age, gender, family size, family cycle, race, income, religion, occupation, education, nationality †¢ Geo-demographic Type of dwelling, type of neighbourhood, singles living with parents, Dinks, †¢ Psychographic Lifestyle, social class, generation next, personality, generation x, the millenials †¢ Behavioural Purchase occasion, benefits sought, user status, usage rate, loyalty status, readiness state, product attitudes Bases for segmenting business markets are the following: †¢ Demographic Industry, company size, location †¢ Operating variables Technology, user status, customer capabilities †¢ Purchasing approaches Power structure, purchasing-function organization, nature of existing relationships, general purchase policies, purchasing criteria †¢ Situational factors Urgency, specific application, size of order †¢ Personal characteristics Attitudes toward risk, buyer-seller similarity, loyalty Adapted from Thomas V. Bonoma and Benson P. Shapiro, Segmenting the Industrial Market (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983). Developing the customer segment profile All customer and business segments have to be examined in different aspects. Further segment descriptors are needed, such as their psychographics, mediagraphics, demographics,Show MoreRelatedCompetitive Environment And Maintaining Customer Relationships1321 Words   |  6 Pagesglobally, retailers have had to adapt to the changes ongoing in the market in order to survive. The new challenge is that, the face of retail industry has distorted. Today retailing can be going into shopping centres, going online and going mobile. An analysis by Exane BNP Paribas (2013) shows that in Europe, retailers face the combination of stagnating retail sales and rapidly rising online sales. 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Welfare Is Not Destroying Our Country - 1935 Words

Abstract Thousands of people are signed up to receive welfare in America, this program is designed to aid poor and needy families. However, it has become some people’s way of earning an income. Several argue against and say that welfare is not destroying our country and creating a dependent people who have learned to abuse certain privileges that come with living in this nation. Welfare Abuse in America The welfare systems are based on the principle of public responsibility on equitable wealth distribution and equality of opportunities to citizens who are unable to afford minimal levels of quality and good life, through provision of universal education programs, health care and subsidised housing. In most of the states, welfare systems are not used in the right manner they are intended to. Although the systems are meant to reduce the poverty level and at least assists individuals to get decent jobs, many recipients develops news ways every year to prolong their dependency in the system. Statistics show that women easily abuse the welfare system by simply having more children each year since this means that more money will come in their mails. Most of the recipients on welfare are able to workShow MoreRelatedDavid Suzukis a Planet for the Taking953 Words   |  4 Pagescall our own. He is an internationally acclaimed scientist who is concerned about the welfare of Canada. Suzukis intended audience is the Canadian population that does not realize the grave danger they are instilling upon themselves by haphazardly taking our resources without looking at the subsequent repercussions of their actions. The essay is persuasive and informative. 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Hexaware Technologies - Financial Statement Analysis

Contents Introduction 3 Base Data 3 Financial Data Analysis 3 Trend and Growth Analysis 3 Common Size Analysis 3 Ratio Analysis 4 Profitability ratios, 4 Solvency ratios 4 Activity Ratios 4 Du-Pont Analysis 5 Qualitative details of the financial report data 5 Chairman’s letter highlights 5 Directors’ report highlights 5 Management Discussion and Analysis 5 Auditor’s report highlights 6 Significant Accounting Policies 6 Revenue Recognition 6 Depreciation 6 Foreign Currency Transaction /Translation 6 Key Observations 7 Reference 7 Introduction Hexaware Technologies’ is engaged in the business of providing software application, development, maintenance, re-engineering, consultancy, business process outsourcing†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Hexaware ranked 18th in the NASSCOM Top 20 IT Software and Services Exporters from India (2008-2009). †¢ Hexaware has ranked among the Top 20 Best IT employers in India by DQ-IDC for five years in a row. †¢ Hexaware was presented the CIO 100 Ingenious award by IDG at the 4th Annual CIO 100 Symposium and Awards Ceremony. Directors’ report highlights †¢ Even though Income from operations dipped by 9.8% overall to Rs. 10,385.62 million in 2009 from Rs. 11,519.14 million in 2008, Operating profit grew by 88.5% to Rs. 1,687.64 million in 2009 from Rs. 895.32 million in 2008 due to reduction in expenses. †¢ The 10% depreciation of the Rupee against the Dollar led to increase in loss on forward contracts which had been taken in 2007. †¢ During the year 2009, there was no exercise of warrants / options under any Employee Stock Option Schemes. Management Discussion and Analysis †¢ Company has repeat-business of approximately 96.90% emphasizing the extent of client relationships. †¢ 30% of the active customers contribute more than USD I million per client on a trailing twelve month basis. In addition, 30% of the active customers appear on Fortune500 /Show MoreRelatedGroup 4 Final Simulation Report13740 Words   |  55 Pages......................................................................... 7 2.1 Week-wise Progress Report ................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Week-wise Simulation Analysis ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Unexpected loss and gain from NEPSE and BSE............................................................................. 17 2.4 Basis of

Why We Write Free Essays

Have you ever stopped in the middle of what you were doing and just asked yourself: â€Å"What am I doing?† This isn’t a philosophical or existential question. While trying to write this essay, I find myself asking â€Å"What exactly am I doing?† The obvious answer would be writing, or struggling to. But as my mind, like an insatiably curious child, started asking an endless stream of â€Å"Whys† and â€Å"Hows† I became more aware of this act that seems to be taken for granted. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Write or any similar topic only for you Order Now Writing is so ingrained in our human society and our lives that we barely even notice it or care to think about its significance. Yet it would be almost impossible for us to live without it. That is because writing is a physical and visual representation of language; it is a form of communication. Writing is a practical necessity that allows us to connect with each other and share our thoughts, and it is also a means for cultural and artistic expression. Through writing we can pass down and communicate knowledge from one generation to the next, which is a fundamental factor in the progress of human society. How did it all start? Oral language developed tens of thousands of years ago when our early ancestors began living in communities and the need for coordination and communication arose. Written language, however, was created much later in the cradle of human civilization known as Mesopotamia. The existence of civilization entails the appearance of cities and long-distance trade, and finding a way to communicate over great distance became necessary for humans. As evidenced by discovered pieces of clay with pictographs on them, the traders and merchants of the city-states of Sumer discovered writing to coordinate their trade. As with oral language, written language may have developed out of a practical necessity, and has since proven to be useful and important in our human society. Even in our contemporary times we still use writing for pragmatic purposes when we want to communicate information to others. We have been doing it for the greater part of our lives, and even something as simple as texting a friend constitutes writing. Texting is an example which shows that through a visual manifestation of language we can communicate with others and overcome the limitations of time and space. But we don’t communicate through writing for practical reasons alone. We also communicate to share the unique inner workings of our creativity. Literature is a prime example of that. It can reflect our innermost passions, ideas and values as well as those of a particular culture. Through literature, writing is intricately woven into our lives as a form of personal, artistic and cultural expression which has the capacity to change and influence society. We read and analyze written works created hundreds of years ago to observe the impact that they’ve had on societies of different times and places. Take for example the writings of the ancient Greek poet Homer, the author of the now classic epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. It does not take an in-depth literary analysis to understand that the cultural values of the ancient Greeks were high reverence to their gods and the divine laws. In both works it is repeatedly shown what befalls those who disrespect and disobey any of the gods. For instance, when King Agamemnon refuses to release the captured Chrysies, the daughter of a priest of Apollo, the sun god descends from Mount Olympus to rain pestilence on the Greek army. It is thanks to writing that these epic poems, formerly passed down through oral tradition, have reached us and allowed us to better understand the society and values of the ancient Greek civilization. However, there is no rule that an author’s writing should necessarily reflect their culture. There are works of writing that are the personal expression of the author and can serve as critiques of the current societal values and as innovations in literature. Many writers are actually pioneers in this sense, inventing new genres or challenging the status quo. Mary Shelley, at just 19 years of age, had created one of the world’s first science fiction novels, Frankenstein, and pioneered a genre. Emily Brontà «, on the other hand, challenged the social norms of her time with Wuthering Heights. These examples illustrate that writing is not only a means of cultural or self-expression but an act of constant innovation. The authors’ works do not only show the beliefs of their society during those times, but also criticize those beliefs and serve as a push during the transition between time periods. And even today these are relevant and popular works of art which allow us to analyze the values and norms of the past and to see how the ideas of these writers have influenced and changed our world. These cultural and personal expressions have withstood the test of time and reached all the way to our present day world. It is thanks to the development of writing that we now have a practical way to communicate our thoughts and our creative ideas to each other. And as we saw with the literary examples, communication through writing transcends the boundaries of space and time. Innovations and discoveries that were made hundreds of years ago and far away from us are now within our reach because writing has been an essential factor in the preservation and communication of human knowledge over the centuries. Writing has been crucial for the accumulation and innovation of human knowledge. By preserving and communicating information over the generations we learn from the discoveries and inventions made in the past and strive to improve upon them to better our world and future. We enjoy the luxuries of today thanks to the pioneering and innovating work of the great minds that came before us. Our world is shaped by the ideas and discoveries of the past which are woven into our society thanks to the development of writing. As I draw to the end of this essay, I find writing even more fascinating than ever before. In essence, writing is like a river that carries human experience, knowledge and wisdom forward in time, but it also allows us to look back to our past. Thanks to it we have experienced and learned about ideas, sciences and arts which have existed hundreds of years ago and far away from us. Writing has allowed us to express ourselves and share our beliefs about the world. It has given us the opportunity to gaze upon the reflection of our world, and to strive to make it better than what it was. Right now we stand in the middle of a vast infinity. What the generations of the future will learn about us and our legacy will greatly depend on our writing now. How to cite Why We Write, Papers

Terms Used In Poetry Essay Example For Students

Terms Used In Poetry Essay A slow popular song typically about love, narrated, any light, simple song especially about romantic events. 2. Elegy: a sad poem or song: a poem or song that expresses sorrow for someone/Something who is dead 3. Epic: telling a story about a hero or about exciting events or adventures 4. Epitaph: something written or said in memory of a dead person; especially: words written on a gravestone 5. Idly: a simple poem or other piece of writing that describes peaceful country life 6. Imaging Poem: a 20th century movement in poetry advocating free verse and the expression of ideas and emotions through clear precise images 7. Limerick: a humorous rhyming poem of five lines baby 8. Lyric: Poem: a poem that expresses deep personal feelings In a way that Is Like a song 9. Narrative Poem: Tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse. The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. . Ode: a poem In which a person expresses a strong feeling of love or respect for someone or something 11 . Sonnet: a poem made up of 14 lines that rhyme in a fixed pattern 12. Concrete Poetry: poetry In which the poets Intent is conveyed by the graphic patterns of letters, words, or symbols rather than by the conventional arrangement of words 13. Dramatic Poem: any drama that is written in verse that is meant to be recited. It usually tells a story o r refers to a situation. This would include closet drama, dramatic monologues, and rhyme verse. Narrated by the characters them selves. 14. Haiku: an unrushed verse form of Japanese origin having three lines containing usually five, seven, and five syllables 15. Epigram: a short and clever poem or saying 1 . Blank Verse: poetry that is not rhymed but that has a regular rhythm 2. Free Verse: poetry that does not rhyme and does not have a regular rhythm 3. Meter: the basic pulse and rhythm off piece of music. 4. Foot: The basic unit of verse meter consisting of any of various fixed combinations or groups of stressed and unstressed or long and short syllables 5. Rhythm: The patterned recurrence, within a certain range of regularity, of specific language features, usually features of sound. 6. Parallelism: the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same 7. Rhyme Scheme: The ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse. 8. Refrain: a repeated line or number of lines in a poem or song, typically at the end f each verse. . Stanza: a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse. 10. Couplet: the basic pulse and rhythm off piece of music. 1 1 . Quatrain: a stanza of four lines, esp.. One having alternate rhymes.

Project Planning and Budgeting

Question: What challenges do project managers face when estimating project costs? Answer: Introduction The cost management is one of the most difficult aspect in the project management. The project managers need to be sure the cost off the project in order to estimate more accurately the cost at the beginning (Kerzner, 2013). Various challenges faces the project managers when estimating on the project cost these are as follows: one of the challenge is as a result of intricacies, uncertainties, contradictory interests and priorities of the task underway (Akhilesh, 2014). The project manager are unable to expect to plan for the venture as well as develop a precise estimation of the cost as a result of the numerous parameters , that happen to be associated with the projects .Other challenges the project manager not being able to effectively incorporating the diverse distributed project configurations as well as the characteristics (Kerzner, 2013). Additionally they require a comprehensive data, which they are not fully available for the starting projects and these projects usually requir e domain experience of which these managers may not have in order to derive accurately the estimates. Tools and Techniques can Project managers use to Ensure that their Estimates are Accurate. Tools and techniques which could be used are expert judgement where they could use the knowledge which they have gained from the past management experience. Another way could be through the analogous estimating. This is through the metrics from the preceding, equivalent project to function as the basis of the existing projects (Akintoye, 2000). This approach takes the actual cost of the earlier to be the baseline of the current project and then adjustment are known for the differences. A tool to use for the estimation of the cost is bottom up estimating. This entails the estimation of all the personal work activities with great level of details, then summarizing on the high level of estimates with the combination of personal estimates. Moreover, other tools such as vendor bid analysis could be used (Akintoye, 2000). This method entails the determination of what the project should be based on the review of the proposal of the vendor bids (Kerzner, 2013). Some managers have also used t he three point estimates, reserve analysis or even project management estimating software for the estimation of the costs. References Akhilesh, K. B. (2014). Project Planning and Budgeting. In RD Management (pp. 49-60). Springer India. Akintoye, A. (2000). Analysis of factors influencing project cost estimating practice.Construction Management Economics, 18(1), 77-89. Kerzner, H. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons.